W in V, W is independent of V\ ( Descendants(W) Parents( W)) given Parents (W) . As expected we see that the number of detected causes by Granger is multiple times more than those of SyPI; in most cases Granger detects as causes all the candidate states. On the other hand, SyPI does not suffer from such problems even when there are latent confounders. Finally, in the third column, we report the detected distant causes. Strict thresholds (the default of SyPI method) are used for the analysis.

The use of artificial intelligence (AI) is a central element of the digital transformation process at the BMW Group. The BMW Group already uses AI throughout the value chain to generate added value for customers, products, employees and processes. Michael Würtenberger, Head of "Project AI": "Artificial intelligence is the key technology in the process of digital transformation. But for us the focus remains on people. AI supports our employees and improves the customer experience. We are proceeding purposefully and with caution in the expansion of AI applications within the company. The seven principles for AI at the BMW Group provide the basis for our approach."

In the process industry, condition monitoring systems with automated fault diagnosis methods assisthuman experts and thereby improve maintenance efficiency, process sustainability, and workplace safety.Improving the automated fault diagnosis methods using data and machine learning-based models is a centralaspect of intelligent fault diagnosis (IFD). A major challenge in IFD is to develop realistic datasets withaccurate labels needed to train and validate models, and to transfer models trained with labeled lab datato heterogeneous process industry environments. However, fault descriptions and work-orders written bydomain experts are increasingly digitized in modern condition monitoring systems, for example in the contextof rotating equipment monitoring. Thus, domain-specific knowledge about fault characteristics and severitiesexists as technical language annotations in industrial datasets. Furthermore, recent advances in naturallanguage processing enable weakly supervised model optimization using natural language annotations, mostnotably in the form ofnatural language supervision(NLS). This creates a timely opportunity to developtechnical language supervision(TLS) solutions for IFD systems grounded in industrial data, for exampleas a complement to pre-training with lab data to address problems like overfitting and inaccurate out-of-sample generalisation. We surveyed the literature and identify a considerable improvement in the maturityof NLS over the last two years, facilitating applications beyond natural language; a rapid development ofweak supervision methods; and transfer learning as a current trend in IFD which can benefit from thesedevelopments. Finally, we describe a framework for integration of TLS in IFD which is inspired by recentNLS innovations.

The use of artificial intelligence (AI) is a central element of the digital transformation process at the BMW Group. The BMW Group already uses AI throughout the value chain to generate added value for customers, products, employees and processes. Michael Würtenberger, Head of'Project AI: "Artificial intelligence is the key technology in the process of digital transformation. But for us the focus remains on people. AI supports our employees and improves the customer experience. We are proceeding purposefully and with caution in the expansion of AI applications within the company. The seven principles for AI at the BMW Group provide the basis for our approach."

The use of artificial intelligence (AI) is a central element of the digital transformation process at the BMW Group. The BMW Group already uses AI throughout the value chain to generate added value for customers, products, employees and processes. Michael Würtenberger, Head of "Project AI": "Artificial intelligence is the key technology in the process of digital transformation. But for us the focus remains on people. AI supports our employees and improves the customer experience. We are proceeding purposefully and with caution in the expansion of AI applications within the company. The seven principles for AI at the BMW Group provide the basis for our approach."

Outside Germany, one of BMW's key research organizations for business and manufacturing technology is the IT Innovation and Research Center. With bases both in Silicon Valley, as well as Greenville, South Carolina, the IT center carries out research for systems and tools across the enterprise, including financial services, sales and marketing, engineering, quality, HR, production and logistics. It is part of the carmaker's central BMW Group IT department led from Munich, which coordinates the company's enterprise and manufacturing IT backbone. Similar to other laboratory locations across BMW, the IT center operates to a large extent in research mode. It has a strong connection, for example, to Clemson University, with whom it shares a campus at the International Center for Automotive Research, working closely with engineering and software professors and students.

What one piece of technology would most improve your working life? Chances are it wouldn't be a glove. But car workers in Germany are now using smart gloves that not only save time but prevent accidents as well. It is an example of how tech-enhanced humans are fighting back against the seemingly unstoppable rise of the robots. At BMW's spare parts plant in Dingolfing, for example, which employs around 17,500 people, hand-held barcode readers have been replaced by gloves that scan objects when you put your thumb and forefinger together.